<
programming> (Or "computer program", "program", "code") The
instructions executed by a computer, as opposed to the
physical device on which they run (the "
hardware").
The term was coined by the eminent statistician,
John Tukey.
Programs stored on
non-volatile storage built from
integrated circuits (e.g.
ROM or
PROM) are usually
called
firmware.
Software can be split into two main types -
system software
and application
software or
application programs. System
software is any
software required to support the production or
execution of application programs but which is not specific to
any particular application. Examples of system
software would
include the
operating system,
compilers, editors and
sorting programs.
Examples of application programs would include an accounts
package or a
CAD program. Other broad classes of
application
software include
real-time software, {
business
software}, scientific and engineering
software, {embedded
software}, personal computer
software and {artificial
intelligence}
software.
Software includes both
source code written by humans and
executable
machine code produced by
assemblers or
compilers. It does not usually include the data processed
by programs unless this is in a format such as
multimedia
which depends on the use of computers for its presentation.
This distinction becomes unclear in cases such as {spread
sheets} which can contain both instructions (formulae and
macros) and data. There are also various intermediate
compiled or
semi-compiled, forms of
software such as
library files and
byte-code.
Some claim that
documentation (both paper and electronic) is
also
software. Others go further and define
software to be
programs plus documentation though this does not correspond
with common usage.
The noun "program" describes a single, complete and
more-or-less self-contained list of instructions, often stored
in a single
file, whereas "code" and "
software" are
uncountable nouns describing some number of instructions which
may constitute one or more programs or part thereof. Most
programs, however, rely heavily on various kinds of {operating
system}
software for their execution. The nounds "code" and
"
software" both refer to the same thing but "code" tends to
suggest an interest in the implementation details whereas
"
software" is more of a user's term.
(2002-07-21)